Case Study

Lionhead Studios past, present, future. A contextual study.


Wednesday, 13 January 2010

Bibliography

All internet sources were visited between December 2009 and January 2010 and citation used at point of reference. All quotes are accurate to the best of my knowledge.

Web sources:


Magazines:

Wednesday, 6 January 2010

Critical Evaluation

I started by looking as far back in Lionhead's history as I knew of already, knowing Bullfrog had been started by Peter Molyneux, I knew nothing about how Molyneux had reached this point in his career. I was not surprised to learn about his first self-supported, single handed development endeavour, and if this case study has taught me anything new about Molyneux it is that he has maintained his enthusiasm from his youth to his present position as Creative Director of Microsoft Game Studios, Europe . I tried not to focus on the criticism he has received in the past for over-hyping games, as I feel like this is what he has become famous for of late, overlooking his incredible passion and skill as games designer that has got him so far. I did touch on this subject though, and expressed my empathy for his honesty, and how I respect him for this. My opinion on Sir Peter Molyneux has not changed during this project and I admire him as a creative individual and director.

Learning about Bullfrog I realised the economic drive that Molyneux has as a businessman, and how the economics of Lionhead as a company used Bullfrog as a template to build upon. As a bigger company, workplace ethic was a larger concern and I have learnt a lot about employee rights and equality from the Lionhead website and their internet presence. I now know how work is distributed and how employees can have a say on any part of the development even if its not within their own field, the video diaries were incredibly insightful but no doubt just as controlled and staged as they were helpful, to show Lionhead in a good light.

I do believe however, that their policies on what can be shared about their work has not been restricted since being bought out by Microsoft and I have noticed the changes that have been made, but I strongly feel that Lionhead have managed to retain their own identity as a company. If I had more time I would compare Lionhead to another company owned by Microsoft to see how much freedom they allow their studios, such as Bungie. Lionhead employees have strong rights to share their work progress through blogs and webcams, video diaries and the Lionhead community forums, and as a company they have adapted extremely well to communicating through social networking. I suppose all of this helps to control speculation as well as fan input in the development, something that has been important to Molyneux throughout his career. I later looked at employee equality again and rather unexpectedly sexual discrimiation in the Lionhead workplace. I was shocked to find this at all, and at the conclusions Microsoft came to, but I feel it may be something you would need to know more details about to have a fair opinion on.

I went on to look at the cultural contexts of Lionhead games, after discovering exactly where the company is based. I already knew from primary research playing Lionhead and Bullfrog games that the company is proud of being British. Game content refers back to British culture in the choice of voice acting and setting, proving popular overseas and in the UK with its distinct humour and contemporary popular culture intertextuality. The company has had a constant strong aim to revolutionise what players expect of digital games and gameplay, especially concerning a player's emotional attachment and emotional contribution to the game - how this can directly influence gameplay. To keep this relevant to my four focus areas I looked at how this has had effects on society, including the public's and industry professional's opinions on Project Natal and its emotional communication possibilities.

From these opinions and discussing the Project Natal demo videos with other course members and friends, Natal seems highly controversial and the same issues arise with most conversations. Issues such as engaging in a 'fake' relationship has concerns that this may be damaging, and some think that we should spend more time engaging with real people considering the state of our society at present. Some people just don't like the idea of moving around and being restricted by their physical existence, whereas others are sceptical the motion sensing will even work at all. Despite these views there is a lot of positive interest from developers in particular and a lot of people already think Natal could and will revolutionise gaming culture and possibly society as a whole. Personally I am on the sceptical side, but I await trying it for myself. I also think that drawing on the dependency of fans of the Fable series to sell Project Natal is quite unethical, but I have no doubt it will work and for that it is a clever marketing move on Microsoft's part.

Again, given more time I would lengthen my investigation to look at how different cultures are represented in Lionhead games, and gender equality as well as sexual orientation. I really feel that I should have looked at these areas within this study to give the areas that I did cover more of an accurate context and I regret not spending more time on this. I also feel I could have looked more at Natal.

The methods I used to gather information were mostly internet sources, a lot of them Lionhead hosted and maintained, which is as close to a primary source a website can be. These sites held a lot of useful information about the company and I used the main site as a starting point for my entire investigation. I feel that the internet and magazine articles I used were all trustworthy sources, either quoting a Lionhead or Microsoft employee or representative. I found my sources fairly easily, which shows just how much Lionhead and Peter Molyneux are in the public eye, and how prominent an internet identity and community they have. Some of my sources I already knew of before starting the investigation, from subscribing to magazines and the Lionhead Twitter feed, and just having a general interest in the company.

My opinion on Lionhead as a company when I first began was positive, I had just discovered Bullfrog and Lionhead were connected, and I always enjoyed reading articles on Molyneux in magazines and looked forward to seeing what they would produce next. I still have a positive opinion on the company, especially its workplace ethic and regulations. I am less sceptical now of Microsoft's influence since acquiring Lionhead in 2006, but I remain sceptical for now of Project Natal.

Friday, 1 January 2010

Love 2.0 Part 2

Part 2 - Sexual Orientation in Digital Games and the Workplace

When looking for sources on how Lionhead's games create emotional connections with players and deal with sensitive issues where other games developers avoid them, I found this extract from an article on Asylum.com[1] about sexual orientation in games, particularly Fable II

"While openly gay characters have existed throughout video game history, Kevin VanOrd, Associate Editor at CNet's Gamespot believes select developers, such as Lionhead and Rockstar, are equipped to handle a project of such magnitude with required "wit and fearlessness." According to Lionhead, they're up to the task."To advance we need our audience to start becoming more emotionally involved with our characters," says Josh Atkins, senior design director of Fable III.[4] "Love and sex are fundamental parts of humanity and are fundamental parts of empathy." While the "Fable" franchise has taken a lighthearted approach to sex in its series, Atkins hopes the franchise will build on the players' emotional responses, allowing them to feel "a bit more connected" to their partners in future "Fable" titles."[1]

Whether Atkins is talking about Project Natal is an interesting thought at least, but it doesn't surprise me to hear that they will be trying to push the emotional involvement to new levels with each instalment of the series. Personally I think using Project Natal to engange players in an extremely personal, interactive digital relationship of some kind would be damaging for those who enjoy it, and hugely unpopular, not to mention controversial to everyone else - which I presume will be a larger percentage.

While looking for more information on the topic of sexual orientation in Lionhead games, I found a case where an employee tried to sue Microsoft for damages after claiming he was bullied at work for being openly gay. "Gay video game designer Jamie Durrant, 38, is suing Microsoft for £45,000 in 'hurt feelings' and lost pay, claiming discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation."[2] I found this very surprising after learning of how equality plays a huge part in the operation of the Lionhead studio. I was even more intrigued to read claims that it was since Microsoft bought out Lionhead that "the atmosphere began to grow uneasy".[2] Durrant worked for Lionhead for 11 years before the companies converged, and began receiving abusive emails and nicknames around January of last year.

After contacting their human resources department Durrant was promised only an strict update to the workplace policies and an email memo to staff reminding them how to behave in a diverse workplace, neither of which happened. The most surprising part of all this is that Durrant also claims he was offered counciling, to which his response was "They're making out that I'm the one with the problem."[2]

The situation has since been settled in court, and an update from Microsoft released -
"We are pleased to have reached an amicable resolution to this matter with Mr. Durrant. The terms of the settlement are confidential, but we can confirm that Mr. Durrant will not continue his employment at Lionhead as part of the agreement."[3]

I am very surprised that this happened at all, but I suppose that any company merging such a large amount of employees together is bound to create some conflict. I am certainly sad to hear that Durrant could not or did not wish to continue his employment. It seems that this has tainted Lionhead's equality concerned workplace atmosphere, at least in my review of it, and makes me reconsider the effects of Microsoft's influence.

[1] http://www.asylum.com/2009/12/07/gay-video-game-characters-coming-out-of-the-closet/, Dec 2009
[2] http://kotaku.com/5182524/microsoft-sued-over-gay-bashing, Jan 2010
[3] http://kotaku.com/5197724/microsoft-lionhead-settle-gay-discrimination-claim, Jan 2010
[4] Fable III, 2010, Lionhead Studios/Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360

Saturday, 19 December 2009

Love 2.0 Part 1

Part 1 - Emotional Communication in Digital Games and Project Natal

There is no lack of quotes from Peter Molyneux and other Lionhead employees regarding their aspirations for the emotional involvement of their games, in creating this blog I have found it to be their primary focus as a company. In order to keep this post relevant to my case study's four main areas of focus (social, cultural, ethical and economic) I have found a few recent examples, and an look into to how Lionhead hope to make progress in this field with the arrival of Project Natal.

Peter Molyneux recently talked to GAMES TM magazine[1] about Fable III[8] after the official announcement at Gamescom.[2] Here he spoke a lot about the Lionhead team's aims in creating a virtual world that players really connect with.

"We have this fantastic game mechanic - which I can't tell you anything about - but it allows you to be personally involved in judgements of what is good and bad. Just like the rulers of old, some of those are very personal judgements and heart rendering situations."[1]

"Once you are king you realise what is going on in the world, and that makes some of the promises you made on your journey really hard to deliver."[1]



After being asked if they were planning to build on the existing gesture system Molyneux reveals "In a way, and with an ambition that is going to completely surprise and shock you. Wow, I could get in so much trouble for that line."[1]

Some of these quotes start sounding very suggestive of Project Natal being implemented in Fable III, but of course when approached Molyneux only says "That's very, very, very much 'no comment'".[1]

If Fable III did use Project Natal technology it would be drawing on the dependency of fans, a big marketing hook for the release of Project Natal. As far as speculation goes on how emotionally involving Natal will make the gaming experience, there is certainly huge potential in Natal's motion sensing, voice recognition, controller free system of interaction for something ground-breaking. Although at the moment, so little is known about how Natal will fair as a physical input controller replacement that it is undoubtedly a huge risk for a game from a successful series if proven unpopular.



After watching the Milo and Kate demo and Project Natal Announcement trailer[3] I found it more useful to my investigation to look at the social and cultural responses to the technology rather than the technical specifications, I found comments from industry professionals and designers and the public in another issue of GAMES TM magazine[4]:

"If the auto industry made a hands-free car I would still prefer to buy one with a real steering wheel." - Trip Hawkins, Digital Chocolate[5]

"As a designer and a player, I'm not particularly interested in moving my body a lot to control a game or talking to a machine… I want the controls to disappear, and while Natal seems to do just that, in practice it turns the entire television set into a controller… Milo is actually a good illustration of the weakness of Natal, because Milo is very much about a boy who lives in a television set.

Current game controllers are indeed too intimidating and too complicated, but jumping up and down in front of a television is not the solution. It restricts us to our physical existence rather than freed from our limitations." - Michael Samyn, Tale of Tales[6]

"I think it'll be a huge device. We developed No More Heroes with the Wii Remote in mind, but now I want to think about games with Natal in mind." - Suda51, Grasshopper Interactive[7]

"Let's say that Lionhead really did have a digital boy whose AI would not be broken by unexpected questions. What would that mean? We would be able to enter a caring relationship with a realistic, virtual boy! That sounds amazing, until we realise that there are millions of REAL boys out there in the world who would benefit greatly from a relationship with a caring adult… Games are interesting in so far as they present insightful abstractions of reality, not because they can flawlessly mimic reality." - Jason Rohrer, creator of Passage[9] and Gravitation[10]

Controversial issues are imminent for Natal technology, replacing human interaction with computers has ethical concerns and 'The uncanny valley' is something I expect to hear mentioned in times to come. Many people are sceptical that Natal will be popular because of all the player participation, physical activity isn't something all gamers are looking for but it has been praised too for this breaking down of the 4th wall.


[1] Games TM, issue 87, Imagine Publishing, September 09
[2] http://www.gamescom-cologne.com/, Jan 10
[3] http://www.xbox.com/en-US/live/projectnatal/, Jan 10
[4] Games TM, issue 86, Imagine Publishing, August 09
[5] http://www.digitalchocolate.com/, Jan 10
[6] http://tale-of-tales.com/, Jan 10
[7] http://www.grasshopper.co.jp/en, Jan 10
[8] Fable III, 2010, Lionhead Studios/Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360
[9] http://hcsoftware.sourceforge.net/passage/, Jan 2010
[10] http://hcsoftware.sourceforge.net/gravitation/, Jan 2010

Friday, 18 December 2009

Made in Britain: Cultural Prominence

Lionhead are a British game company and more often than not this is reflected in their games, as well as their public identity. In this post I will be looking at how Lionhead use cultural references to build unique worlds and create fan-bases in Britain and overseas.

Almost all of their games are set in the UK or in fictional worlds resembling Britain's varying stages of development. Theme park[10] was set in the UK[1] in the present, presumably 1994 when it was made. As the game progresses and once enough money has been made the player can move on to newer plots. Plots are located all over the world and have many different factors that affect gameplay.[1] A later DS version of the game by EA Japan included area-specific shops and amusements "For example, we have traditional castle-looking attraction for Japan, a café that looks like a double-decker bus for England, etc. I am especially fond of the Coffee-Cup attraction that you will encounter in Brazil, which has a very Brazilian, carnival look to it." said Game Designer Toshiyuki Nagahara,[2] something I find only charmingly stereotypical and would personally enhance my gameplay experience. When playing Theme Park World[11] (a later spin off, mentioned in the post covering Bullfrog, also set in the UK) my favourite part was unlocking new features and I always liked the idea that my theme park was somewhere in the UK when so many other games didn't attempt to ground any realism, let alone something so close to home. I found this comforting and quite special, at this age most of the other games films that created engaging worlds to me were set in the US or in fictional worlds, made by US based companies. Even the annoying park advisor of Theme Park World would have been more annoying in anything other than his rather calming Scottish drone.



I remember feeling this again when playing Black & White[9], 2001, the voice acting was a surprise when I first began the game - I wasn't expecting such heavy British accents. After playing the game a while I liked it, a lot! I felt I could connect more, and the starter Norse villages I made felt more... local. It was as if I were playing with a toy of an old Saxon village I had visited on a school trip, but I got to plan it from the ground up, also there was a massive cow or tiger... Another touch I loved was that every civilian in the game was named, to my understanding with the name of someone who worked on the game and their families (including Peter Molyneux), a creative way of showing the credits as well as equality among the Lionhead team. I personally found the cultural references very appealing and, as I stated before, in these games I found something most popular children's entertainment did not satisfy.



In an attempt to make Black & White even more immersive you could set the weather conditions of the game to 'localised' which matched the weather conditions of the post code or zip code you provided. Although fascinated by this I opted out of the feature in fear that it would always be dull and I would never see conditions such as snow in the game.

The Fable[12] series is set in a land named Albion, an archaic name for Great Britian.[3] Although all of the villages and names are entirely fictional the world heavily resembles Britian's varying stages of development.



This time the voice acting is taken a step further than Black & White and (as briefly covered in earlier posts) a cast of contemporary British actors and comedians provide an intertextual level of popular culture. This is extremely popular among British audiences, and from web communities and online reviews seems to be popular overseas. The Observer[4] said the original Fable had a "very British sense of humour, in the style of Monty Python[5] or Douglas Adams.[6]"[7] and it at least achieved commercial success in North America, selling 375,000 copies during its first week.[8]



I already suspected that British cultural prominence helps form the Lionhead company identity and is a huge part of their appeal as a company and for their games. I had not expected to find that my personal experience of Lionhead and Bullfrog games was so affected by this.


[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_Park_%28computer_game%29, Dec 2009
[2] http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=156590, Dec 2009
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion, Dec 2009
[4] http://observer.guardian.co.uk/, Dec 2009
[5] http://pythonline.com/, Dec 2009
[6] http://www.douglasadams.com/, Dec 2009
[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fable_%28video_game%29, Dec 2009
[8] http://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/microsofts-fable-sells-375000-units/, Dec 2009
[9] Black & White, 2001, Lionhead Studios/Electronic Arts/Feral Interactive, PC/Mac
[10] Theme Park, 1994, Bullfrog Electronic Arts, PC
[11] Theme Park World, 1999, Bullfrog/Electronic Arts/Feral Interactive, PC/Mac/Playstation 2
[12] Fable, 2004, Lionhead Studios/Microsoft Game Studios/Feral Interactive, PC/Mac/Xbox

Tuesday, 15 December 2009

What a Twit: Company Policy on Publicity and Privacy 2

Part 2 - Social Networking and PR

On March 11th this year Jonathan Ross posted this to his Twitter, appearing to 'accidentally announce' Fable III[11] to the internet masses before any official words from Lionhead and Microsoft. Ross originally said:
[1]

Followers immediately began to ask questions, he quickly followed up with:
[2]

The next morning, Ross tweeted this:
[3]
and then:
[4]

A Microsoft representative later told GameSpot "We have no agreement in place with Ross to work on forthcoming projects," but he continued, "We are working on additional content for Fable II[10]. That's all we can say for now. We will have more to share soon!"[5]

The fact that this made front page news on many games websites within hours, such as IGN[6], was as much to do with it being a celebrity slip-up as it was because of the actual announcement, but gained a reaction nonetheless...

As for official words from Lionhead Studios, Peter Molyneux has since announced Fable III[6]
and spoken about his own restrictions when talking to journalists and concerning announcements;

"With Fable[12] and with Black & White[13], I really was just actually being a designer at this point, saying 'imagine we’re going to have this game feature, and it’s going to do this and this is why we’re going to have it and why it’s important,'" continued Molyneux. "And of course the poor games journalist writes down all these things and it comes across as 'oh my god, it’s going to be amazing' but really they were just words because a lot of the time with Fable and with Black & White I was actually talking, I wasn’t really demoing."[6]

The way Peter Molyneux talks is extremely honest. He receives a lot of bad press about over hyping projects, which although he is guilty of I find it really easy to empathise with his positive intentions. I personally think it is essential for a good developer to appear human to their audiences, and at least Molyneux is passionate about his work.

Lionhead maintain Twitter[7], Myspace and Facebook pages (although it is unclear who actually posts to them) I found the Twitter account especially interesting and also useful in the production of this blog. With posts from several employees at Lionhead it appeared to be the most well kept of the sites, although this may just be a case of passing trends and that the other sites have merely passed their prime... This has made me consider whether Twitter is superior to other social networking sites in connecting with fans effectively, but obviously the above example of Jonathan Ross has shown its risks as a public broadcasting medium.

Quite relevantly, I found Henry Jenkins has commented on his blog[8] about Twitter as a broadcasting medium;

"Broadcast? Not Really
Twitter works on a number of different scales. For some users, most I'd assume, Twitter represents a relatively narrow cast medium, a kind of social network which allows them to communicate with people they already know… For others, companies for example, it may do the opposite, helping them to move from communications at an impossibly large scale, to something much closer to the ground. They can start to see their consumers as individuals or at least as a community of people who have a broad range of responses to what they are producing. They can sample public response to their products. They can discover groups of users they didn't know existed."[9]

This is exactly what I have found to be true for the way Lionhead 'tweets' and applies a theory to their success in reaching fans so effectively. Lionhead seem to be very well adapted to social networking and have really embraced web 2.0 and new technologies as they develop. I look forward to finding out more about what they have planned for the future...

[1] http://twitter.com/Wossy/status/1308386483, Dec 2009
[2] http://twitter.com/Wossy/status/1308394651, Dec 2009
[3] http://twitter.com/Wossy/status/1309853562, Dec 2009
[4] http://twitter.com/Wossy/status/1309864044, Dec 2009
[5] http://uk.gamespot.com/news/6205890.html, Dec 2009
[6] http://www.bravenewgamer.com/2009/12/career-lessons-learned-and-fable-iii-molyneux-speaks-out/, Dec 2009
[7] http://twitter.com/lionheadstudios, Dec 2009
[8] http://henryjenkins.org/index.html, Dec 2009
[9] http://henryjenkins.org/2009/08/the_message_of_twitter.html, Dec 2009
[10] Fable II, 2009, Lionhead Studios/Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360
[11] Fable III, 2010, Lionhead Studios/Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360
[12] Fable, 2004, Lionhead Studios/Microsoft Game Studios/Feral Interactive, PC/Mac/Xbox
[13] Black & White, 2001, Lionhead Studios/Electronic Arts/Feral Interactive, PC/Mac

Sunday, 13 December 2009

Sharing: Company Policy on Publicity and Privacy 1

Part 1 - Official Information Supplied by Lionhead

Lionhead are extremely keen on connecting with fans and 'the community', especially online. They are also unusual in the amount they are willing to share about their workplace/work habits, their main site hosts a blog section[1], a video blog section[2], a selection of webcams[3] placed around the studio, and an IRC function with its own terms of use[4] . This has amazed me as their affiliation with Microsoft is so strong, since being acquired by the mega-corporation in April 2006, and Microsoft's incredibly strict privacy reputation when regarding projects and releases. Lionhead seem to be more casual about 'sharing' with the public, and I respect this. I think it helps them keep their individuality as a studio and forms their identity. They promote the philosophy that working this openly with the community is good for production, something Peter Molyneux has promoted from day one.

As for Microsoft's involvement, the site still looks independent but the copyright sign and Microsoft name is everywhere. All videos are run on Silverlight software (which I had to download to watch them) and the community forum uses a Windows Live ID system. The Microsoft terms of use[7] is extremely extensive and strict.

The blog page opens with; "Everyone with something to say here at Lionhead gets the chance to share it on our website in one of our Blogs. Information about the development of our games, what's going on in the online community and what is Sam up to?"[1] After some investigation I found Sam to be of the Lionhead development team[4] and moderator of the Lionhead community forum.[6]

Its clear Lionhead promote equality amongst employees regarding roles and development; each department feature on the video diaries as equal, integral parts of the development process and end product. Each employee can have a blog or a live webcam, and I have been able to see, for example, how an individual's input has changed the development of Fable II[9]. Microsoft have overall control over Lionhead, but they still have an independent identity of their own as a British company with a history behind them, which I think is essential to their work ethic.


[1] http://www.lionhead.com/LatestBlogs.aspx, Dec 2009
[2] http://www.lionhead.com/Diaries/Default.aspx, Dec 2009
[3] http://www.lionhead.com/News/Webcams.aspx, Dec 2009
[4] http://www.lionhead.com/News/ircinfo.aspx, Dec 2009
[5] http://community.lionhead.com/user/Profile.aspx?UserID=2397, Dec 2009
[6] https://registration.lionhead.com/GatewayPage.aspx, Dec 2009
[7] http://www.microsoftgamesinsider.com/MGSTermsOfUse.htm, Dec 2009
[8] http://www.lionhead.com/News/Archive.aspx, Dec 2009
[9] Fable II, 2009, Lionhead Studios/Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360